Final answer:
Questions involving drug testing or fertilizer efficacy are addressed through applied research using high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, bioanalysis, and in vitro model systems to determine the viability and environmental impact of such applications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Questions with potential commercial applications, such as drug testing or fertilizer efficacy, are typically addressed using applied research methodologies. In the case of drug testing, current research involves the use of high-throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry technologies which are essential in identifying viable drug candidates early in the development process. For agriculture, research may focus on the use in increasing agricultural yields by testing the efficacy of different fertilizers and their environmental impact.
Further, the integration of pharmacokinetics in the early stages of drug development has been crucial in reducing the attrition rates of drug candidates. This is partly due to strategies that involve close involvement between pharmacokinetics and bioanalysis, such as therapeutic drug management (TDM) and bioequivalence studies, using techniques like liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
To support these processes, major in vitro model systems are utilized to investigate the absorption, distribution, and metabolism of new chemical entities in the initial phases of drug discovery, thereby facilitating the prediction of drug clearance and drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of drug candidates.