Final answer:
Shaking of limbs that disappears during voluntary movement due to damage to the basal nuclei is characteristic of Parkinson's disease. It is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting the substantia nigra, resulting in reduced dopamine and motor function impairments.
Step-by-step explanation:
The shaking of limbs at rest that disappears during voluntary movement due to damage to the basal nuclei is called Parkinson's disease. This condition is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects the muscular system and movement. The most common and obvious symptom of Parkinson's disease is muscle tremor, which typically occurs in a limb at rest and disappears with voluntary movement. As the disease progresses, other symptoms such as muscle rigidity, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and postural instability become more pronounced.
Parkinson's disease results from the degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons are responsible for releasing dopamine into the striatum, which is a critical neurotransmitter for regulating motor function. Without sufficient dopamine, there is an imbalance in the pathways within the basal ganglia, leading to the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's. In the advanced stages of the disease, cognitive symptoms, including memory loss and dementia, may develop.