Final answer:
As death approaches, the key physical changes include unresponsiveness, mottling, weakness, restlessness, and incontinence. Increased urine output and erythema are not generally associated with end-of-life. Other signs like rise in body temperature, increased pulse rate, and skin changes are also indicative of approaching death.
Step-by-step explanation:
Physical Changes as Death Approaches
The physical changes that occur as death approaches can vary, but several key changes are generally observed. One of the primary signs is unresponsiveness, where an individual may no longer react to their environment or stimuli. Additionally, mottling, a blotchy, purple or blue pattern under the skin, primarily on the lower parts of the body, indicates poor blood circulation. Weakness and restlessness can also be present as energy levels decrease and discomfort increases. Incontinence may occur as the body loses control over urinary and bowel functions.
As for other signs mentioned in the provided information, erythema (reddening of the skin) is not typically associated with the end-of-life stage. Increased urine output is also uncommon; in fact, urine output often decreases due to reduced fluid intake and kidney function.
Other signs not mentioned in the selection but relevant to end-of-life changes include rise in body temperature, indicating a reduction in circulating fluid, and an increased pulse rate coupled with reduced cardiac output. Over time, skin may appear dry, wrinkled, and loose due to dehydration and tissue breakdown. There can also be a general state of exhaustion and collapse as the body's systems begin to shut down.
Understanding these signs can support caregivers in providing appropriate end-of-life care and helping patients attain as much comfort as possible.