Final answer:
The name for the differential transmissivity of shortwave and longwave radiation by atmospheric gases is the greenhouse effect, which is crucial for maintaining Earth's climate but has been intensified by human activities, contributing to global climate change.
Step-by-step explanation:
The differential transmissivity of shortwave insolation and longwave terrestrial radiation by various atmospheric gases is better known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect involves the warming of Earth due to carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation, trapping heat and thereby increasing the planet's surface temperature. These gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, are crucial to maintaining Earth's habitable climate by preventing all the heat from escaping into outer space. However, increased levels of these gases from human activities like the burning of fossil fuels have heightened the greenhouse effect, leading to global climate change and altered global weather patterns, including a rise in worldwide temperature.