Final answer:
According to Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when the female performs the homemaker role and the male performs the breadwinner role. These roles correlate with the expressive and instrumental roles, respectively, and are seen as crucial for family stability from a functionalist perspective. The correct option is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to functionalist sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family is most efficient when operating with a clear sexual division of labor. In this traditional view, the family works best with the female performing the homemaker role and the male performing the breadwinner role.
These roles correspond to the expressive and instrumental roles, respectively. The expressive role typically involves work inside the family which provides emotional support and physical care for children, while the instrumental role involves work outside the family that provides financial support and establishes family status.
Functionalists argue that these gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era and have continued due to their effectiveness in maintaining family and societal stability. When family members diverge from these roles, the family must recalibrate to continue to function effectively. However, it's worth noting that these views are often critiqued by perspectives such as conflict theory in modern times, which challenge the notion of fixed gender roles and seek to highlight and address inequalities within the family structure and society at large.