Final answer:
Systemic racism is a form of racism entrenched in society's structures, affecting laws, policies, and institutional practices, leading to unequal opportunities and outcomes for racial minority groups. Therefore, the correct option is 1) Institutional racism
Step-by-step explanation:
Racism that pervades all of society's structures and operations, affecting systemic outcomes and the distribution of resources, power, and opportunity, is known as systemic racism. This type of racism is not limited to individual prejudices and actions but is entrenched in laws, policies, and practices of social and political institutions.
It is reflected in a variety of ways, such as racial profiling by law enforcement and the systematic underfunding of schools predominantly attended by students of color. Systemic racism is upheld by institutions and societal norms that provide unequal opportunities and outcomes for people based on race, making it a comprehensive issue requiring significant efforts to dismantle. Examples of systemic racism include the disproportionate arrest rates and convictions of black men, and educational and economic disparities rooted in historical racism.