Final answer:
The U.S. became more democratic in the early 19th century mainly through the abolition of property qualifications for voting, the rise of the second party system, and the shift from voice to written ballots, culminating in high voter turnout in the 1840 election.
Step-by-step explanation:
Democratization of the United States in the Early 19th Century
The United States saw significant strides in democracy during the first half of the nineteenth century, particularly through the expansion of voting rights. The abolition of property qualifications for voting and officeholding was a key political innovation of the era. This change began after the Panic of 1819, as many demanded an end to property restrictions on suffrage. In 1800, only three states allowed universal white manhood suffrage, while by 1860, the vast majority had eliminated property qualifications, significantly increasing voter participation.
Another factor contributing to the expansion of democratic sentiment was the establishment of the second-party system. This was characterized by the rise of new political parties, such as the Democratic and Whig parties, which mobilized voters behind specific candidates and policies. The expansion of the electorate and the move from voting by voice to voting by written ballot also helped cement the democratic trends of the era, although the secret ballot had yet to be instituted.
The presidential election of 1840 was a pivotal moment where democratic practices were on full display, with voter turnout surging to nearly 80%. This period is also noted for the transition from an age of deference towards more egalitarian views of political participation, with the Democratic Party coming to national prominence through techniques such as large-scale presidential campaign rallies and emotional propaganda.