Final answer:
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest by John C. Calhoun is most similar to the arguments made in the 2) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions by Jefferson and Madison, as they both defend states' rights and discuss the concept of nullification.
Step-by-step explanation:
Similarity in Arguments
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, authored by John C. Calhoun, is most similar to the arguments made by 2) Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
Both Calhoun's document and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions articulate a defense of states' rights, particularly the theory that states have the authority to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and take action against them, a concept referred to as 'nullification.'
Notably absent from the Exposition is the egalitarian thrust which animates Paine's work; the legalistic tones of Marbury v. Madison; and the national unity plea expressed by Washington in his Farewell Address.