Final answer:
The primary factors for the shift of employment risks from employers to individuals include the transition to a service-based economy, globalization, reduced union influence due to workplace protection laws, merit-based hiring practices, and the outsourcing of both blue-collar and white-collar jobs.
Step-by-step explanation:
The main impetus behind the shift of risks from employer to individuals in terms of managing employees' careers can be attributed to several key factors:
- The shift from manufacturing to service industries has changed the nature of employment, with service jobs often requiring different skill sets and less unionization than manufacturing jobs.
- Globalization and increased competition from foreign producers have led to a more competitive job market. To remain competitive, corporations have resorted to outsourcing and offshoring, which affects job security for domestic workers.
- The existence of workplace protection laws has reduced the perceived need for unions, as these laws are meant to safeguard employees' rights, potentially diminishing union influence and bargaining power.
- With more opportunities in large cities, such as the merit-based hiring practices in India, individuals are encouraged to take more responsibility for their own career paths.
- Outsourcing of jobs to developing nations has not only affected manufacturing jobs but also white-collar jobs, necessitating a constant adaptation of skills by workers.
Overall, these forces demand that individuals actively manage their career development, adapt to changing job requirements, and often bear the risk of job insecurity.