Final answer:
Regression analysis is the statistical process used for estimating prediction equations based on relationships between dependent and independent variables, often aided by GIS software for spatial mapping.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statistical process that involves estimating a prediction equation that expresses an item of interest in terms of other data fields is called regression analysis. This technique is utilized extensively in various fields such as geography, economics, and social sciences to determine the relationships between dependent (effect) and independent (causal) variables. For instance, in trying to estimate the potential impact of a new business on local crime rates, a regression model could be developed using variables such as income, education level, and presence of similar businesses to predict changes in crime. Furthermore, GIS software can enhance regression analysis by adding a spatial dimension, allowing for the mapping of predicted outcomes versus actual conditions, which is actionable in fields like law enforcement and urban planning.