Final answer:
Of the four parenting styles, neglectful or uninvolved parenting is associated with the most negative outcomes for children, leading to issues such as poor emotional and academic performance and increased risk of substance abuse.
Step-by-step explanation:
When comparing the four parenting styles, Diane Baumrind found divergent outcomes for child development. The authoritarian parenting style, which is high in demand but low in responsiveness, may result in children who are anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy, although it can be beneficial in certain cultural contexts. Permissive parenting is low in demand and high in responsiveness, leading to children potentially lacking self-discipline and showing riskier behaviors, though they may also have higher self-esteem and better social skills.
Yet, it is the neglectful parenting style, also known as the uninvolved style, that is associated with the most negative outcomes for children, including emotional withdrawal, fear, anxiety, poor school performance, and an increased risk of substance abuse. Authoritative parenting, balancing demands and responsiveness, is typically associated with positive outcomes like higher self-esteem and better social skills in children.