Final answer:
Option (1), South Sudan became Africa's newest independent country on July 9, 2011, following a referendum and separation from Sudan based on various factors, including religion, ethnicity, and economic considerations.
Step-by-step explanation:
The newest independent country in Africa, which gained its independence on July 9, 2011, is South Sudan. South Sudan chose to secede from Sudan after a long period of conflict based on religious, ethnic, and economic differences, culminating in a referendum that led to its independence. With the capital at Juba, South Sudan faced challenges related to internal unity and cohesiveness due to the diversity of clans and indigenous groups and continues to address boundary disputes with its northern neighbor, Sudan.
It is worth noting that the African continent has seen many countries gain independence following colonial rule, with Ghana being the first in Sub-Saharan Africa to become independent in 1957. However, the path to independence has often been fraught with difficulties, including civil wars, political instability, and economic challenges. Despite these struggles, the overall process has contributed to the development of stronger political structures and greater democratic liberties in several nations.