Final answer:
High-achieving students often have parents who are actively invested in their education throughout their school years, providing not just encouragement but also resources and advocacy to support their development. The correct option is 2.
Step-by-step explanation:
High-achieving students typically have parents who remain invested in their teenager's education and keep tabs on academic progress. This involvement includes fostering a child's talents, encouraging analytical conversations, and aiding in the development of negotiation skills.
It also encompasses introducing children to a wide range of activities and intervening in academic affairs when necessary, such as advocating for a child's admission into gifted and talented programs.
In contrast, parents from lower-income backgrounds might follow a strategy of 'accomplishment of natural growth', allowing children to develop independently and often unquestioningly obeying school authorities, which may not encourage the confrontation and advocacy skills needed for navigating educational systems.
Furthermore, the resources provided by middle-class families, such as specialized tutoring, arts lessons, and healthcare, support the child's educational journey and are linked to positive outcomes like better grades and fewer school behavior problems. The correct option is 2.