Final answer:
Both the need to ration healthcare and managed care created healthcare rationing.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Ubel, both the need to ration healthcare and managed care created healthcare rationing. The need to ration healthcare resulted in the development of managed care, as healthcare providers and insurers faced overwhelming increases in demand in the 1990s. This led to the consolidation of providers and the implementation of efficiency and standardization methods. Managed care also created healthcare rationing by giving healthcare providers the responsibility to allocate resources between patients based on the number of patients they handle.