Final answer:
A health coach working as an independent contractor is distinguished by receiving payment per job or project, and they typically have the freedom to set their own schedules and choose their methods and materials.
Step-by-step explanation:
A health coach working as an independent contractor typically has certain characteristics in their work arrangement, of which 'payment by the job or project' is commonly seen. As an independent contractor, a health coach would negotiate payment based on specific projects or sessions they conduct rather than a set hourly wage or salary. Training and retraining could certainly be part of a health coach's ongoing professional development, but it isn't a defining characteristic of being an independent contractor since employers do not typically provide this. The work being integral to the core function of the business and schedules with specific materials tend to describe an employee rather than an independent contractor. In the context of independent contractors, they often have the freedom to set their own schedules and use their methods and materials, which is different from employees who must adhere to the business's stipulated schedules and material use.