Question

Reactance _____________.

1) Is the reaction when the use of narcotics provided by medical professionals is withheld or denied from the suffering individuals
2) Involves abstinence from the substance causing the addiction problem, when use of any amount of the substance can cause the resumption of the problem behavior
3) Occurs when an individual feels judged or criticized for substance or behavioral issues and resorts to the behaviors that are the object of the criticism
4) Is the initial stage of abstinence from the addictive substance, when an individual may experience physical and psychological reactions

Answer 1

Reactance refers to behaviors exhibited in response to feeling judged about substance use, leading to continued or increased engagement in those behaviors. It connects with the broader concepts of drug dependence and addiction, which involve both physical and psychological challenges upon ceasing drug use.

Step-by-step explanation:

Reactance in the context of substance use and addiction refers to the behavior associated with drug dependence, a condition in which stopping the use of a psychoactive drug produces physical and/or psychological symptoms. Reactance, in this sense, occurs when an individual feels judged or criticized for substance or behavioral issues and resorts to the behaviors that are the object of the criticism (option 3 from the list).

The terms addiction and dependence are closely related, with addiction pertaining to the compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences and dependence referring to the state where cessation of drug use results in withdrawal symptoms. Physical dependence can create withdrawal symptoms such as tremors or seizures, whereas psychological dependence may result in symptoms such as anxiety or depression.