Final Answer:
Sunni Islam and Shi'a Islam differ fundamentally in their beliefs about the rightful leadership of the Muslim community after Prophet Muhammad's death. Sikhism emerged from a blend of Hinduism and Islam. The Scientific Revolution was a period of transformative advancements in science and knowledge during the 16th to 18th centuries.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sunni and Shi'a Islam diverge primarily in their views regarding the succession of leadership after Prophet Muhammad's death in 632 CE. Sunnis believe leadership should follow consensus (based on the most qualified individual), while Shi'as believe it should remain within the Prophet's bloodline, specifically with Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. This historical split created distinct theological, legal, and ritualistic differences between the two branches of Islam.
Sikhism, founded by Guru Nanak in the late 15th century, is a synthesis of Hindu and Islamic elements. Sikhism evolved in a cultural context blending Hindu practices like meditation and karma with Islamic monotheism and aspects of Sufi mysticism. It sought to reconcile the spiritual essence of both religions while emphasizing equality, social justice, and devotion to one God.
The Scientific Revolution, spanning the 16th to 18th centuries in Europe, marked a period of profound intellectual upheaval. It was characterized by a shift from traditional beliefs to empirical methods and rational thinking. This period saw significant breakthroughs in astronomy, physics, mathematics, and biology, challenging established dogmas and paving the way for modern science and the scientific method. Thinkers like Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Bacon made pivotal contributions that reshaped humanity's understanding of the natural world.