Final answer:
The human disturbances that have effects on biodiversity are invasive species, urban development, pollution, and over-harvesting.
Step-by-step explanation:
Invasive Species: Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources, reducing their populations and leading to a decrease in biodiversity. For example, the introduction of zebra mussels in the Great Lakes has negatively impacted native mussel species.
Urban Development: Urban development often leads to habitat destruction and fragmentation, which can disrupt ecosystems and result in a loss of biodiversity. For instance, the clearing of forests to build cities can result in the displacement and extinction of many plant and animal species.
Pollution: Pollution can have various negative effects on biodiversity. For example, water pollution from agricultural runoff can lead to eutrophication, which depletes oxygen levels and harms aquatic organisms. Air pollution can also harm plants and animals, leading to a decline in biodiversity.
Over-harvesting: Over-harvesting refers to the excessive harvesting of organisms from ecosystems, often for economic purposes. This can lead to population declines and even extinction of certain species, which negatively impacts biodiversity. The overfishing of certain species, such as bluefin tuna, is an example of over-harvesting affecting biodiversity.