Final answer:
The philosopher who taught about an eternal recurrence was Nietzsche, not Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle. Nietzsche's concept of eternal recurrence differs from the progression of history and ideas in earlier Greek philosophies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher who taught an eternal recurrence of all that is was Nietzsche. This concept, known as the eternal recurrence, is a central idea in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, rather than in the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle. Unlike the linear progression of history and ideas that we see in the works of these earlier philosophers, Nietzsche's concept suggests that the universe and all events within it are destined to repeat themselves infinitely in a precisely identical sequence.