Final answer:
Divergent, convergent, parallel, and coevolution are the four patterns of diversification between species. Divergent evolution occurs when species evolve in different directions, convergent evolution when unrelated species evolve similar traits, parallel evolution when related species independently evolve similar traits, and coevolution refers to reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species.
Step-by-step explanation:
Divergent evolution occurs when two species evolve in different directions from a common point, resulting in differences in form and function. An example is the reproductive organs of flowering plants adapting to different pollinators.
Convergent evolution happens when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures. For instance, dolphins and sharks have similar streamlined bodies for efficient swimming.
Parallel evolution occurs when two related species independently evolve similar traits. A classic example is marsupials and placental mammals both developing pouches for carrying their young.
Coevolution refers to the reciprocal evolutionary changes between two interacting species, such as predators and prey. A notable example is the coevolution of flowers and pollinators.