Final answer:
Diffraction is the wave phenomenon that allows sound to bend around obstacles, enabling Tierra to hear her friend without direct line of sight.
Step-by-step explanation:
The wave phenomenon that explains why Tierra can hear her friend even when she can't see her friend is known as diffraction. Diffraction occurs when waves bend around the edges of an obstacle or spread out after passing through small openings. This is quite common with sound waves, which can bend around corners and walls, enabling us to hear sounds from sources that are not in our direct line of sight. So the correct option is 4) Diffraction.