Final answer:
The cellular changes of the mucosal lining of the distal esophagus that are known to be a precursor for esophageal cancer are called Barrett's esophagus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cellular changes in the mucosal lining of the distal esophagus, known to be a precursor for esophageal cancer, are termed Barrett's esophagus. This condition arises when the esophageal lining, typically composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium due to chronic exposure to acidic gastric contents, often the result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Unlike the other conditions listed - gastritis, hiatal hernia, and peptic ulcer disease - Barrett's esophagus specifically refers to this dysplasia of the esophageal mucosa, increasing the risk for esophageal cancer, particularly adenocarcinoma.