Final answer:
A standard money system led to easier trade between countries by simplifying transactions and allowing for clear and consistent pricing across borders, as opposed to mercantilism's restrictive policies. Correct answer is option 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
The economic change that led to easier trade between countries was the rise of a standard money system, which streamlined transactions and reduced the complexities associated with trading goods using various currencies. While mercantilism did influence trade by emphasizing the accumulation of wealth through trade surplus and colonial expansion, it inherently involved restrictive trade practices that were not conducive to free trade.
The development of joint-stock companies also facilitated trade and exploration by allowing the pooling of resources for large ventures, but it is the establishment of a common currency system that had the most direct impact on simplifying international trade.
During the era of mercantilism, governments sought to amass wealth by favoring exports over imports and by extracting precious metals from colonies. This led to restrictive trade policies and competition among nations to gather more gold and silver. However, the introduction of a common currency or standard money system enabled countries to trade much more easily by eliminating the need to constantly determine the exchange values of different coins and allowed for clear pricing that was understandable across borders. As economies grew and international trade expanded, having a standard money system became critical for global trade efficiency.