Final Answer:
4) deductive reasoning begins with a theory and ends with confirmation of that theory
Step-by-step explanation:
4) Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with a general theory or hypothesis and deriving specific conclusions or predictions from it. In deductive reasoning, the initial theory serves as a foundation, and the subsequent steps aim to confirm or validate that theory through specific observations or evidence. This method is characterized by a top-down approach, moving from the general to the specific.
Firstly, inconclusive reasoning (Option 1) implies a lack of definitive evidence or a failure to reach a clear conclusion, rather than starting with a theory and confirming it. Secondly, the option "none of the above" (Option 2) doesn't provide a specific approach or method and therefore cannot be categorized as starting with a theory and confirming it. Thirdly, inductive reasoning (Option 3) starts with specific observations and moves towards generalizations, making it the opposite of the deductive reasoning process described in the question.
In summary, deductive reasoning aligns with the given criteria of starting with a theory and concluding with its confirmation, making Option 4 the correct answer. This logical approach is commonly employed in scientific research and mathematical proofs, emphasizing the importance of a sound theoretical foundation in the pursuit of knowledge.