Final answer:
John Paul can argue against homework using student surveys, research studies, test scores, and anecdotal evidence. The chi-square test can assess the frequency of homework completion. Recognition of persuasive evidence types in education and considerations of lurking variables in research are critical.
Step-by-step explanation:
The evidence that would help John Paul make his argument against homework includes student surveys on the impact of homework, research studies on the effectiveness of homework, comparison of test scores of students with and without homework, and anecdotal stories from parents and teachers. Each type of evidence provides a different angle on the homework debate. For instance, student surveys can reflect the perceived impact of homework on the student's well-being and academic performance, research studies can give a more objective measure of the effectiveness of homework, and test scores can provide a measurable outcome of academic achievement. Anecdotal evidence while less scientific, can also offer insights into the real-world effects of homework on students' lives.
Regarding the measurement of when students do most of their homework, a hypothesis test such as the chi-square test for goodness of fit would be appropriate to determine whether homework is done with equal frequency throughout the week in the given sample. In this context, X could be defined as a random variable representing the count of students who do their homework on time.
It's also important to consider different types of evidence considered persuasive in various academic fields. In the field of education, for example, both statistical evidence and qualitative narratives may be important in making an argument. Lurking variables in statistical analysis, such as the consideration of genetic factors versus environmental factors on SAT scores, must also be addressed to validate conclusions.