Final answer:
The need for a bi-directional exchange of intelligence information is crucial for homeland security. Challenges such as smuggling networks, illegal immigration, transnational issues, and the war against terrorism need to be addressed through cooperative efforts. Domestic security measures were also strengthened after the September 11 attacks.
Step-by-step explanation:
The need for a bi-directional exchange of intelligence information with respect to homeland security is essential to effectively address the challenges faced. Sharing information and intelligence on smuggling networks and developing a mapping system to target their logistical and financial operations is crucial. Additionally, cooperation among national police forces across borders is another efficient way to combat illegal smuggling.
The challenge of illegal immigration is closely linked to border security, which includes the protection of land borders, ports, and airports. After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, there were concerns about the threat posed by the Canadian and Mexican borders as well as unsecured ports.
Many new foreign policy issues transcend borders, such as terrorism, international slave trade, and climate change. Traditional diplomatic relations may not be sufficient to address these issues, and intelligence-gathering and focused military intervention are needed. However, relations can become complicated when pursuing terrorists within other countries' borders.
In waging the war against terrorism, the United States faces the question of whether to work in concert with the UN for anti-terrorism initiatives or pursue a unilateral strategy. The voluntary nature of world-level governance in foreign policy is evident in this decision-making process where UN approval can be sought.
Domestic security within the United States was heightened after the September 11 attacks. The Office of Homeland Security was created to better control threats at home, and the USA Patriot Act allowed law enforcement agencies to monitor citizens' communications without a warrant.