Final answer:
During the Age of Plunder, politics, religion, and the economy had significant impacts on Russia, Japan, Spain, and Holland.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Russia, politics played a significant role in centralizing power through the rule of the Tsars. For example, Peter the Great implemented policies to modernize and westernize Russia, such as introducing European styles of clothing and founding St. Petersburg. In Japan, the Meiji Restoration brought about significant political and economic reforms, such as the abolishment of the samurai class and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. In Spain, the discovery and plundering of the New World led to the expansion of the Spanish empire and a boost to the economy through the influx of riches. Finally, in Holland, the dominance in international trade allowed for economic growth, with Amsterdam becoming a major financial center during the Dutch Golden Age.