Final answer:
In the Muslim Empire, non-Muslims like Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians were required to pay a special poll tax called jizya which was higher than the tax imposed on Muslims, thus they essentially paid extra taxes.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the Muslim Empire, Jews and Christians, as well as Zoroastrians, were classified as People of the Book and were given the right to practice their religions while living under Islamic rule. They were, however, subject to a special tax called jizya, which was a poll tax. This tax was different from the tax levied on Muslims and was a condition for non-Muslims, also known as dhimmis, to live in the empire without being forced to convert to Islam. The jizya was higher than the tax Muslims paid, and thus, non-Muslims effectively paid extra taxes compared to Muslims. This system provided the non-Muslim communities with certain rights and legal protection while acknowledging the sovereignty of Muslim leadership and contributing to the income of the caliphate.