Final answer:
Adolescence is characterized by patterns of pubertal growth spurt and sexual maturation, along with cognitive and emotional development (A) and (B). Girls often begin puberty earlier than boys, leading to differences in adult body size and composition. The brain undergoes significant changes that facilitate cognitive advances in decision-making and reasoning.
Step-by-step explanation:
The various growth patterns during adolescence primarily include pubertal growth spurt and sexual maturation, cognitive development, and emotional changes. During the pubertal growth spurt, adolescents experience a rapid increase in height and weight, with sex differences in timing and pattern leading to adult sexual dimorphism, where males and females have different body sizes and shapes. Cognitive development involves changes in the brain, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which enhances functions such as decision-making, reasoning, and impulse control. Emotional changes during adolescence are associated with developing a more complex emotional landscape and coping mechanisms.
In girls, puberty typically begins between ages 9 and 10 with the development of breasts and pubic hair. Boys usually enter puberty a little later, between ages 11 and 12, starting with the growth of the external genitals and pubic hair. These physical changes coincide with psychosocial changes, such as the development of a stronger personal identity and changes in social relationships.