Final answer:
The 19th-century samurai and Pan-African writers both resisted external influences, protecting their heritage against foreign interference and modernization.
Step-by-step explanation:
The 19th-century samurai and the Pan-African writers who promoted African traditions both resisted external influences. The samurai during the Meiji Restoration resisted the modernization efforts and the encroaching Western influence, as they were protective of their status and power within the traditional feudal system of Japan.
Likewise, Pan-African writers emphasized the importance of African traditions and sovereignty in the face of European colonialism and cultural assimilation. Both groups defended their heritage and societal roles against the pressures of foreign influences and modernization.