Final answer:
An orbital is a probable area in space within an atom where an electron may be found, characterized by quantum numbers. Electrons are distributed in orbitals according to quantum mechanics, filling from lower to higher energy levels and following specific rules, with quantum numbers defining their unique positions and behaviors.
Step-by-step explanation:
An orbital is a region in space where an electron is likely to be found within an atom. Quantum numbers give us detailed information about electrons within an atom. The principal quantum number (n) determines the size and energy level of the orbital, the secondary or azimuthal quantum number (l) indicates the shape of the orbital, the magnetic quantum number (ml) denotes the orientation of the orbital in space, and the spin quantum number (ms) specifies the electron's spin within the orbital.
Electrons fill orbitals following the Aufbau principle, beginning with the lowest energy levels and moving to higher levels as they become available. The behavior of electrons within an orbital is described by their wave-like properties and a set of four quantum numbers. Together, these quantum numbers ensure that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers, in accordance with the Pauli exclusion principle.
To determine the number of electrons in an orbital, sublevel, or level, we can use the electron configuration notation, which includes the principal quantum number, the subshell letter, and the number of electrons in that subshell, e.g., 2p³ (which would mean three electrons in the 2p subshell).