Final answer:
The impact of the early slave trade on the U.S. and Africa included economic growth in the U.S. driven by slave labor, cultural contributions from African traditions to American society, and in Africa, the emergence of states dependent on the slave trade and significant disruption to societies. Statement IV about a decline in U.S. exports is incorrect, and thus the correct answer to the student's question is d. I, II, and III.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding the impacts of the early slave trade, for the United States (U.S.) and Africa, the following statements can be evaluated: I. The United States expanded economically by using the forced labor of Africans, this is true as the U.S. economy particularly in the South thrived on agriculture that was dependent on slave labor. II. Slaves introduced African traditions and culture to the United States, this is also true since the forced migration resulted in an infusion of African customs, music, language, and traditions into American culture. III. African immigrants made up a large percentage of migrants to the United States, this statement is technically correct but misleading since it refers to forced migration rather than voluntary immigration. Finally, IV. The slave trade led to a decline in U.S. exports to other countries, which is not supported by historical data as the slave trade and resulting labor nourished U.S. exports, especially with agricultural products.
In Africa, the effects were devastating. Powerful new states arose whose economies centered around the slave trade, and there were significant population losses and social fractures due to the massive removal of Africans through the slave trade.