Final answer:
The conflict between North and South Sudan is rooted in deep-seated divisions of religion, ethnicity, culture, and economics, exacerbated by the 2011 referendum for South Sudan's independence. The continuation of fighting is due to unresolved issues like border disputes and control of oil, demonstrating that the referendum, while crucial, did not solve the underlying tensions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The differences in religion, ethnicity, and culture have long divided southern Sudan from the north, with additional economic considerations due to increased oil production.
The pivotal moment came in January 2011 when the southern region held a referendum and voted to become an independent country, resulting in the establishment of the Republic of South Sudan. This separation aimed to resolve longstanding conflicts, but tensions over resources, borders, and political power continued to fuel confrontations.
The African Transition Zone, which cuts through the center of Sudan, is significant as it marks the division between different religious and ethnic groups, which has been a major contributing factor to civil strife. The war in Darfur represents another serious issue, where ethnic cleansing has taken place. Fighting has persisted due to unresolved issues surrounding borders, control of oil fields, cultural divisions, and political disputes.
Importance of the 2011 Referendum
I believe the most important event that helps us understand the reason for the fight between the northern and southern regions of Sudan is the 2011 referendum.
It was a clear expression of long-held aspirations for self-determination by the people of South Sudan. Moreover, it set a precedent that impacted the geopolitical landscape in the region, reinforcing the polarization and continuation of hostilities.