Final answer:
In legal proceedings, each separate offense a person is accused of in an indictment or information is called a count. It specifies individual charges and is distinct from a rap sheet, bill of attainder, or discovery process. The Constitution safeguards against bills of attainder and ensures rights for the accused, including innocent until proven guilty for each count.
Step-by-step explanation:
Each separate offense of which a person is accused in an indictment or information is called a count. This term refers to the individual charges listed in a legal document that outlines the specific details of which the defendant is accused. A rap sheet is a record of a person's criminal history, not a specific accusation in legal proceedings. A bill of attainder is a legislative act that singles out an individual or group for punishment without a trial, which the Constitution prohibits. Discovery is the pre-trial process wherein both parties exchange information and evidence pertinent to the case.
For example, under the Fifth Amendment, a person can only be tried in federal court for a felony after a grand jury issues an indictment with multiple counts, if applicable. The Sixth Amendment ensures legal protections for individuals accused of a crime, including the right to be assumed innocent until proven guilty for each count they face.