Final answer:
The rolling effect along the surface during an earthquake is caused by surface waves, specifically the L wave. P waves are longitudinal and arrive first, followed by S waves which are transverse and cannot travel through Earth's liquid core. The correct option for the earthquake wave producing a rolling effect is b. L wave. is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The rolling effect along the surface during an earthquake is produced by a type of seismic wave known as the surface wave or specifically, the L wave. These surface waves are different from P waves (Primary waves) and S waves (Secondary waves) which travel through the Earth's interior.
P waves are longitudinal waves that arrive first at seismograph stations, while S waves, which are transverse waves, arrive after the P waves and cannot travel through the liquid core of the Earth, creating shadow zones. Surface waves, however, travel along the exterior of the Earth and are responsible for most of the damage during an earthquake due to their intense shaking and rolling motion. Therefore, the correct option for the wave producing a rolling effect along the surface is b. L wave.
It's important to note that to provide warning before the more serious shaking begins, the difference in arrival time between the faster P-waves and the slower S-waves can be calculated, offering crucial seconds for taking protective actions.