Question

A manufacturer makes nutritional supplements in several rocesses

Answer 1

Nutritional supplements are made through enrichment and fortification processes, which help replace lost nutrients and add lacking ones. Food processing can lead to nutrient losses, and eating refined grains instead of whole grains can increase the risk of certain health conditions. There were instances of price manipulation involving vitamin manufacturers in the late 1990s.

Step-by-step explanation:

Nutritional supplements are made through processes such as enrichment and fortification.

Enrichment refers to the addition of vitamins and minerals lost during processing, while fortification involves adding nutrients that may be lacking in the diet.

Food processing can lead to nutrient losses, for example, high heat can cause vitamin C losses.

Refined grains found in many processed foods have less fiber, vitamins, and minerals compared to whole grains. Eating refined grains instead of whole grains may increase the risk of high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity.

To compensate for these nutrient losses, fortification or enrichment is necessary.

For example, in the late 1990s, there was an international cartel of vitamin manufacturers that reached agreements on production, pricing, and customer allocation.

The high-priced vitamins were bought by companies like General Mills, Kellogg, Purina Mills, and Proctor and Gamble, which further increased prices. Hoffman-La Roche, one of the firms involved, pleaded guilty and faced penalties for their actions.

Answer 2

Nutritional supplements like vitamins and minerals can be added to food products through enrichment and fortification. In the late 1990s, an international cartel involving several vitamin manufacturers was prosecuted for antitrust violations, which impacted pricing and production in the market.

Step-by-step explanation:

The practice of adding nutrients to food products, such as vitamins and minerals, can take two main forms: enrichment and fortification. Enrichment involves replacing nutrients that were lost during food processing, while fortification refers to adding nutrients that may be lacking in a typical diet. These processes are critical in ensuring that the population receives adequate nutrients essential for healthy body functions.

In the realm of business and economics, a historic example of market manipulation in the nutritional supplement industry was the prosecution of an international cartel of vitamin manufacturers in the late 1990s. The cartel, which included companies like Hoffman-La Roche, BASF, and Rhone-Poulenc, illegally controlled the production and pricing of vitamins, causing inflated costs for other manufacturers and consumers.

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