Final answer:
The most closely interdependent functions of management are Planning and Leading, as well as Planning and Controlling. Planning sets the direction for the organization, and Leading guides employees towards those goals. Controlling monitors outcomes and adjusts plans as needed.
Step-by-step explanation:
The functions of management most closely interdependent are c. Planning and leading and d. Planning and controlling. Planning is crucial as it sets the direction and establishes the goals for the organization, making it closely intertwined with leading, which involves guiding and motivating employees to achieve those goals. Similarly, controlling is dependent on planning since it involves monitoring performance to ensure that the organization's strategic objectives are being met and making adjustments as necessary. The interdependence of planning and controlling is often described through the concept of the 'management cycle,' where planning sets the standards, and controlling evaluates the performance against these standards.
For example, a manager who plans to increase sales by 10% may set targets for each salesperson and then use controlling mechanisms like sales reports and performance evaluations to track progress towards the goal.