Final answer:
Compaction and cementation are the processes that turn loose sediment into rock. Compaction reduces the spaces between grains, while cementation precipitates minerals that glue these grains together.
correct option is A. and C.
Step-by-step explanation:
The processes that turn loose sediment into rock are compaction and cementation. Compaction occurs when more sediment is piled on top of existing layers, squeezing them closer together and reducing the volume of space between the grains. This is akin to compressing trash in a garbage bin to create more room. Cementation happens during compaction, where water is forced out and minerals precipitate in the newly emptied pore spaces, acting as a natural glue that cements the grains together.
Common minerals in cement are calcite, quartz, and pyrite. Together, these processes are part of the broader lithification process, through which loose grains of sediment are converted into solid sedimentary rock.