Final answer:
A microarray is a molecular biology tool used to simultaneously analyze gene expression patterns across thousands of genes. It compares genetic sequences or gene activity between two or more samples using DNA spots on a solid surface and fluorescence measurement. This technique is primarily used in research settings due to its complexity and cost.
Step-by-step explanation:
What is a Microarray?
Microarrays are tools used in molecular biology to analyze gene expression patterns across thousands of genes simultaneously. This technique employs a collection of microscopic DNA spots, containing specific DNA sequences, attached to a solid surface such as a glass slide or silicon chip. Scientists can then apply labeled cDNA or genomic DNA to the microarray, allowing for the identification of gene activity or differences in genetic sequences between two or more samples. Applications of microarrays include studying the effects of diseases, treatments, or developmental stages on gene expression, genotyping, and detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
The process of microarray analysis involves comparing two samples, perhaps one from cancerous cells and another from healthy cells. The DNA or cDNA from these cells is labeled with fluorescent dyes and then hybridized to the DNA on the chip. The intensity of the fluorescence can be measured to compare the relative amounts of cDNA, providing insights into the different gene expressions in the samples. Due to the complexity and cost of the equipment and analysis software required, microarrays are mainly used in research settings.