Final answer:
Dueling is the phenomena described in the Kalish article, where an individual arranges for a chance to have themselves killed while performing a culturally approved act. It occurs between friends, enemies, or indifferent individuals and used to be a common way to settle disputes, but is now illegal in most societies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The phenomena described in the Kalish article is known as dueling. Dueling is when an individual arranges for a high chance to have themselves killed by others while performing an act that is culturally approved. It typically occurs between individuals who are either friends, enemies, or indifferent to one another. Duels were more common in the past as a way to settle disputes, but they have since become illegal in many societies.
Similarly, preparations for large-scale acts of violence such as genocide often involve dehumanizing potential victims, as indicated by the creation of 'death lists' and using euphemisms to cloak genocidal intentions. Furthermore, the self-fulfilling prophecy as described by sociologist Robert K. Merton shows how false beliefs can create real consequences, as illustrated by the hypothetical example of a bank failure caused by a rush of withdrawals prompted by unfounded fears.