Final answer:
The number of offenders classified as 'loner' in Newman's book is not provided, but labeling theory explains how offenders can become socially marginalized due to society's labels and their responses to stigma.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Newman's book, the number of offenders who were socially marginalized into the group categorized as "loner" is not explicitly stated without more context. However, labeling theory can provide insight into the social processes that contribute to offenders being marginalized. Labeling theory suggests that social labeling can lead to an individual being defined by their deviant behavior, which can affect their self-identity and lead to further deviance.
For example, an offender who has been labeled as deviant by society might accept this as a new master status (a). If they have lost social bonds made in prison and feel disconnected from society (c) or are influenced by the different cultural values in their community due to poverty (d), they could be driven into isolation as a "loner." This marginalization could be a result of society's reactions to their criminal past or due to their own response to the stigma attached to them. The understanding of this dynamic is essential for recognizing the complexity of reintegration challenges faced by offenders and the social structures that may contribute to their isolation.