Final answer:
The disappearance of ideological parties can be attributed to factors such as corruption, lowered party identification, weakened party organizations, and ideological underrepresentation. Economic catastrophes and shifts in voter beliefs and allegiances, as well as the rise of candidate-centered campaigns and changes in class-based political mobilization, have also played a role in the weakening or collapse of party systems both globally and in the U.S.
Step-by-step explanation:
The reasons behind the disappearance of ideological parties can be complex and multifaceted. In the context of global politics, several factors contribute to the weakening and collapse of party systems, including corruption, decreased party identification, weakened party organizations, and ideological underrepresentation. Historical examples like the rise of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela demonstrate how traditional parties can lose power to charismatic, populist leaders. Similarly, Indonesia's reliance on patronage weakened its party system, leading to the ascension of leaders like President Joko Widodo.
In the United States, ideological shifts such as those after the Great Depression led to significant changes in voter allegiances. The Democratic Party gained registered members as citizens' beliefs changed during economic hardships, and party control in Congress shifted. Such events highlight how economic catastrophes and other crises can lead to sweeping ideological changes within a country's political landscape.
Around the world, the decline in political parties has also been attributed to the rise of candidate-centered campaigns, economic factors like deindustrialization, advancements in communication technologies, and changes in the salience of class identity. These trends have flipped traditional party alliances, with higher education and income levels now tending to support more liberal policies, while working-class and less educated voters gravitate toward conservative stances, contributing to a rise in populism.