Final answer:
White primaries were the method that hindered African-American men from participating in primary elections, effectively disenfranchising them until this practice was ruled unconstitutional in 1944. The option (D) is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tactic that prevented African-American men from taking part in primaries was White primaries. During the Jim Crow era, within Southern states, the Democratic Party often restricted membership to whites, using primary elections as a tool for disenfranchisement. White primaries meant that only white citizens could vote in the primaries, where the winners would almost invariably win in the general elections due to the political climate of the time.
Since the primaries decided which candidates would be presented in the general election, excluding African Americans from these votes ensured that their input did not influence the electoral outcomes. This practice was eventually found to violate the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments by the Supreme Court in the case of Smith v. Albright in 1944. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
This question is not complete, Here I am attaching the complete question:
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______ _________ prevented African-American men from taking part in primaries.
a) Voting restrictions
b) Jim Crow laws
c) Grandfather clauses
d) White primaries