Final answer:
All of the listed options are universal exclusions in a commercial crime policy, except for theft or dishonest acts committed by the insured.
Step-by-step explanation:
A commercial crime policy is an insurance policy that protects businesses from financial losses due to theft, fraud, and other crimes. Universal exclusions are situations or events that are not covered by the policy. In this case, all of the options listed are universal exclusions except for option d, which states that theft or dishonest acts committed by the insured are not excluded.
For example, if an employee of the insured company steals money from a customer, the commercial crime policy would cover the loss. However, if the insured company itself commits a theft or dishonest act, such as embezzlement by the CEO, it would not be covered.
In summary, theft or dishonest acts committed by the insured are not a universal exclusion in a commercial crime policy.