Final answer:
Proteins are synthesized in a cell through the process of translation, which requires mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and translation factors. Translation involves decoding the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain that forms a protein.
Step-by-step explanation:
The components mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and translation factors must be made by a cell so that proteins can be synthesized. The process in which proteins are made is called translation, a critical aspect of the cell's function. This process involves the decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain, which then folds to become a functional protein. Ribosomes play a key role as the site of translation, binding mRNA and coordinating the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, contributed by tRNA molecules.
Different organisms may have variations in their ribosomes' structure, but overall, the process is comparable across species. The translation is an energy-demanding process and vitally important for the cell protein synthesis machinery.