Final answer:
To address questions about change over time or different outcomes, researchers rely on qualitative and quantitative data collected via surveys or questionnaires, using longitudinal or cross-sectional studies to analyze the data.
Step-by-step explanation:
Questions that inquire about change over time or a comparison of outcomes achieved using different methods will require the analysis of qualitative data and possibly quantitative data. Qualitative data involves subjective material and often includes open-ended questions that prompt short essay responses, revealing personal beliefs and experiences. To gather this data effectively, researchers use tools such as surveys and questionnaires, ensuring questions are formulated to be informative, specific, and open-ended.
When analyzing change over time, a longitudinal study may be used, while comparisons of outcomes can be conducted using cross-sectional research. Each research method contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, with cross-sectional research enabling direct comparison across different population segments at a single point in time. However, to effectively gauge progress, measurable criteria are essential for researchers to know when objectives have been met.