Final answer:
Radio stations traditionally earn revenue through advertising, which indirectly charges listeners by using their listening time. However, satellite radio companies like SiriusXM charge a subscription fee for ad-free listening, making this service excludable to non-subscribers.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is impossible to charge listeners directly for listening to conventional radio broadcasts. The business model of radio typically involves selling advertising as an indirect way of generating revenue, which could be considered a form of "charging" listeners by taking up their time.
The cost of advertising is also factored into the product cost, meaning consumers indirectly pay for the radio service when they purchase goods advertised on the radio.
Additionally, satellite radio companies like SiriusXM operate differently by charging a subscription fee for their ad-free music streaming service, making the product excludable because only subscribers receive the broadcast.