Final answer:
Repatriation is the process of bringing back innovations created for or by emerging-economy markets to the developed-economy markets. Reverse innovation occurs when an innovation is created for or by emerging-economy markets and then brought back to the developed-economy markets.
Step-by-step explanation:
Repatriation: Refers to the process of bringing back innovations created for or by emerging-economy markets to the developed-economy markets. This can involve transferring technology, knowledge, or products back to the home market. For example, a company that developed a low-cost medical device in an emerging economy might import and sell it in a developed economy.
Reverse Innovation: Occurs when an innovation is created for or by emerging-economy markets and then is brought back to the developed-economy markets. This can involve adapting or modifying a product or service originally developed for an emerging market to meet the needs of consumers in a developed market. For instance, a multinational company might create a low-cost version of a product for a developing country and then realize that there is a market for this product in developed economies as well.
Portal-to-Portal: Refers to the movement of innovations between emerging and developed economy markets through online platforms or portals. These portals provide a convenient and efficient way for companies to import innovations created in emerging economies to developed markets. For example, an e-commerce platform could allow consumers in developed countries to purchase products or services from entrepreneurs based in emerging economies.