Final answer:
The statement is true, as both the Hopi and Iroquois civilizations had peaked before European contact. The Hopi were part of the complex Pueblo societies, and the Iroquois formed a sophisticated confederacy with strong political organization in the Americas.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that two civilizations which peaked before the Europeans arrived were the Hopi and Iroquois is true. Prior to European arrival, various Indigenous cultures thrived across the Americas. The Hopi, part of the Puebloan people, had complex societies situated in what is now the Southwestern United States.
They established settlements known for their distinctive adobe structures and complex ceremonial life. The Iroquois, primarily located in the Northeastern U.S. and parts of Canada, formed a powerful confederacy of tribes known as the Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee.
They were known for their sophisticated political organization and vibrant culture. Although these societies were already peaking or in decline by the time Columbus landed in 1492, they had established rich traditions and exerted substantial influence in their regions.
Native American populations had varying social structures, from hunter-gatherers to politically complex township societies. The Americas boasted remarkable achievements in architecture, agriculture, trade routes, and the arts.
It is essential to note the diversity among pre-Columbian civilizations; while the tribunal societies like the Iroquois formed political confederacies, the Mogollon, Hohokam, and Anasazi created the complex Pueblo societies in the Southwestern region.
These flourishing civilizations and their societal structures contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the pre-European history of the Americas.