Final answer:
The answer is 'Malware,' which refers to software created to infiltrate or damage a computer system without consent. It is used by individuals, governments, and militant groups for various malicious purposes, including spying and causing disruptions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is b. Malware. Malware, short for malicious software, refers to any software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. Hackers utilize various types of malware, including viruses, worms, trojan horses, ransomware, and spyware to compromise systems and extract information.
Technopedia (2014) describes groups like "Anonymous" as being able to conduct significant cyber operations, including hacking, to achieve their objectives. Malware is not just used by individuals but can also be weaponized by governments and militant groups to disrupt or spy on their adversaries. The utilization of malware by these entities can result in theft of sensitive intelligence, disruption of satellite communications, and general chaos through network disruptions, internet service shutdowns, and dissemination of falsified information.
Furthermore, certain malware can infiltrate mobile devices, enabling unauthorized access to the device's microphone and camera — effectively turning personal devices into surveillance equipment without the owner's knowledge. This high level of intrusion showcases the potential harm that malware poses to both individual privacy and broader security concerns.